say whatever you<font color="#E5E5E5"> want to about the</font>direction<font color="#CCCCCC"> or</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> execution of the Star</font>Wars<font color="#E5E5E5"> films they always give us something</font>new and interesting to geek out about<font color="#E5E5E5">from lightsabers to Death Star's and</font>that trend continues in the last<font color="#E5E5E5"> gen</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> I</font><font color="#CCCCCC">wear one of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the coolest scenes in the</font>film introduces an attack that<font color="#CCCCCC"> would</font>change<font color="#E5E5E5"> galactic warfare forever let's</font>break it down before we<font color="#CCCCCC"> go any further</font>though<font color="#E5E5E5"> I want to warn you that this</font>video contains spoilers<font color="#E5E5E5"> for one scene in</font><font color="#E5E5E5">the last Jedi so if you haven't</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> seen</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font>film<font color="#CCCCCC"> and want to see it</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and don't want</font><font color="#E5E5E5">to be spoiled</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> turn back now I warned</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> you</font><font color="#CCCCCC">I warned you again we don't even</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> have</font>the footage<font color="#E5E5E5"> yet</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> so here we go</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> in a scene</font>near the<font color="#CCCCCC"> end</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> of the film the rebellion</font>ship the<font color="#CCCCCC"> Rattus</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> is outrunning the giant</font><font color="#E5E5E5">first-order ship the supremacy and then</font>as a last-ditch<font color="#E5E5E5"> effort</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to help her</font>allies escape to a nearby planet<font color="#CCCCCC"> Vice</font><font color="#CCCCCC">Admiral full</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> dough turns the ship</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> at the</font>supremacy<font color="#E5E5E5"> and then makes the jump to</font><font color="#CCCCCC">hyperspace</font>wait we see what happens in the film wesee the aftermath<font color="#E5E5E5"> but what I'm saying is</font><font color="#E5E5E5">that according</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to physics what we would</font>really see would<font color="#E5E5E5"> be even</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> cooler like hot</font>cool or space cool<font color="#CCCCCC"> it's only</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> 3 Kelvin</font>out here oh yeah that's better<font color="#E5E5E5"> than Star</font><font color="#E5E5E5">Wars leans heavily into science</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> fantasy</font><font color="#E5E5E5">sure but weaponizing Lightspeed is</font>taking a page right<font color="#E5E5E5"> out of so called</font>hard science fiction<font color="#CCCCCC"> in fact weapons</font>that do<font color="#E5E5E5"> this already have a name</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> arc a</font><font color="#CCCCCC">cavies</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> or relativistic kinetic kill</font><font color="#E5E5E5">vehicles relativistic because near the</font>speed of<font color="#CCCCCC"> light</font>nothing not mass<font color="#E5E5E5"> no space no even</font>act like<font color="#CCCCCC"> we're used to and kinetic kill</font><font color="#E5E5E5">because these weapon</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> systems accelerate</font>hunks of mass up to<font color="#E5E5E5"> incredible</font>velocities and let their kineticenergies do the damage wait<font color="#E5E5E5"> slow me down</font>again<font color="#CCCCCC"> RK cavies our sci-fi favorites</font><font color="#CCCCCC">because there are weird and powerful</font>advantages that come<font color="#E5E5E5"> along with</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> moving</font>that close to the universal speed limit<font color="#CCCCCC">see or</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> 300,000 kilometers</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> per second</font>the first is detection<font color="#E5E5E5"> let's say some</font>alien race fires a relativistic<font color="#E5E5E5"> kinetic</font>kill vehicle<font color="#CCCCCC"> at us something</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> like a porn</font>and<font color="#E5E5E5"> we</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> detect</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> it all the way out at</font>Jupiter<font color="#E5E5E5"> when we saw the pork at Jupiter</font><font color="#E5E5E5">because</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> information itself travels at</font>the speed of light<font color="#E5E5E5"> we are seeing the</font>pork not as it is<font color="#E5E5E5"> but</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> as it was based</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> on</font>the distance between<font color="#E5E5E5"> these two planets</font><font color="#E5E5E5">about 35 minutes before and so if the</font>pork was going relativistic speeds let'ssay for example 99.99%<font color="#E5E5E5"> the speed of</font>light<font color="#E5E5E5"> this is literally how much time we</font>would<font color="#E5E5E5"> have to react on earth if we</font>detected<font color="#E5E5E5"> a relativistic pork heading at</font>us<font color="#E5E5E5"> from Jupiter alright here we</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> go</font>detective<font color="#E5E5E5"> BAM that's it just two seconds</font>the detection problem means that if you<font color="#E5E5E5">can see an arc akv coming you're</font>probably already doomed<font color="#CCCCCC"> the other</font>advantage of<font color="#E5E5E5"> an arc akv is that they are</font>basically<font color="#E5E5E5"> unstoppable even if you could</font><font color="#E5E5E5">detect an incoming relativistic weapon</font>what would you do<font color="#E5E5E5"> even if you fired</font>something<font color="#E5E5E5"> like a proton torpedo at it</font>when it made contact<font color="#CCCCCC"> with the weapon</font>because that weapon has so much<font color="#E5E5E5"> momentum</font><font color="#CCCCCC">it's not gonna slow down</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> at all</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> it's</font>just gonna break<font color="#CCCCCC"> apart</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> into many</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Oh No</font>many other<font color="#CCCCCC"> pieces</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and now instead of one</font>projectile you have many many<font color="#E5E5E5">projectiles heading at you at</font>relativistic speeds<font color="#CCCCCC"> and unless you have</font>something<font color="#E5E5E5"> big in between that and you</font>like a planet you're gonna get hit andit's not<font color="#CCCCCC"> going to</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> be cute</font><font color="#E5E5E5">rkk fees like the raddest maneuver</font>aren't just powerful<font color="#E5E5E5"> because they are</font>undetectable<font color="#CCCCCC"> and unstoppable though that</font>helps<font color="#CCCCCC"> no</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> their main advantage is</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> their</font>nearly<font color="#E5E5E5"> unlimited</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> that</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> they carry it's</font>not<font color="#CCCCCC"> unlimited but it's a lot</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> if you've</font>seen this program<font color="#E5E5E5"> before you know we</font>talk a lot about kinetic energy theenergy<font color="#E5E5E5"> of motion</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> that objects</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> with mass</font>get as they move equal to<font color="#E5E5E5"> one-half mass</font>times velocity<font color="#E5E5E5"> squared this equation was</font>formulated by<font color="#E5E5E5"> smart boy Isaac Newton</font>Isaac Newton<font color="#E5E5E5"> but it is only an</font>approximation it's an older formula butit<font color="#E5E5E5"> checks out because the things that</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> we</font>observe in<font color="#E5E5E5"> our daily lives</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> don't</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> go that</font>fast but when objects make the jump to<font color="#CCCCCC">light speed</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> because of how mass and</font>space and<font color="#CCCCCC"> even time itself can change</font>with<font color="#E5E5E5"> these velocities we have to instead</font><font color="#E5E5E5">use</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a more accurate formula</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> put forth by</font>smart boyEinstein which is relativistic kineticenergy it<font color="#E5E5E5"> replaces velocity with the</font><font color="#E5E5E5">speed</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of light</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> squared</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> 1/2 with</font>gamma minus 1 gamma is named after famed<font color="#E5E5E5">Dutch physicist Hendrik Luke come on</font>special editions he won a Nobel<font color="#E5E5E5"> Prize</font><font color="#CCCCCC">thank you</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> is named after famed</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Dutch</font>physicist<font color="#E5E5E5"> Hendrik Lorentz cheese and</font>gamma exactly describes how mass spaceand<font color="#E5E5E5"> time</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> change as you get close</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> to</font>light speed<font color="#E5E5E5"> and as you can see the</font>closer<font color="#E5E5E5"> that this value for velocity gets</font>to the speed of<font color="#E5E5E5"> light the more gamma</font>tends towards infinity<font color="#E5E5E5"> and therefore</font>kinetic energy will tend toward infinity<font color="#E5E5E5">that</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> means this</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> is where the fun</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> begins</font>so let<font color="#E5E5E5"> me put this tendency towards</font>infinite energy<font color="#E5E5E5"> into perspective for you</font><font color="#E5E5E5">here</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a paper clip going 99.99%</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the speed</font>of light<font color="#E5E5E5"> has</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the same energy</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> as the bomb</font>that obliterated Hiroshima Japan during<font color="#E5E5E5">World War two except 67 times more</font><font color="#E5E5E5">powerful a porn</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> going this same velocity</font><font color="#CCCCCC">has the same amount of energy</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> bound up</font>in its dumb fluffy little<font color="#E5E5E5"> body as a 9.0</font>earthquake<font color="#CCCCCC"> if a poor in a paper</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> clip</font><font color="#CCCCCC">have this much potential</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> imagine what</font>will happen<font color="#E5E5E5"> when we scale things up if</font>we bring<font color="#E5E5E5"> everything we know about our</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> K</font><font color="#CCCCCC">cavies into the last</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Jedi</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> we will</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> get</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a</font>real sense<font color="#E5E5E5"> of just how devastating</font>jumping to Lightspeed<font color="#E5E5E5"> into something</font>could be yeah okay so<font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Rattus and</font>supremacy are some distance<font color="#CCCCCC"> apart and</font>then<font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> raddest makes</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> it jump to</font>hyperspace<font color="#E5E5E5"> into</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the supremacy what</font>happens well let's set aside<font color="#CCCCCC"> what</font>happens in the film<font color="#E5E5E5"> for a second they</font>have narrative reasons and<font color="#E5E5E5"> storylines</font>that<font color="#E5E5E5"> needed to fulfill so what really</font>happens according<font color="#CCCCCC"> to physics</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> in this</font>scene well first I don't<font color="#E5E5E5"> really</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> think</font>they're<font color="#E5E5E5"> making the jump to</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> hyperspace</font>proper<font color="#E5E5E5"> or else it would pass right</font><font color="#CCCCCC">through it</font>right so let's<font color="#E5E5E5"> assume like we did for</font><font color="#CCCCCC">the other examples that it is going</font>99.99% the speed of light and the<font color="#CCCCCC">raddest canonically is twice as long as</font><font color="#CCCCCC">a Star Destroyer so</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> I'm gonna</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> assume</font>it's<font color="#E5E5E5"> also</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> twice the mass around a</font><font color="#E5E5E5">hundred million tons</font><font color="#E5E5E5">finally they look to be close enough</font><font color="#CCCCCC">that</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> evasive maneuvers will be</font>impossible<font color="#CCCCCC"> the detection</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> problem we</font>talked<font color="#CCCCCC"> about with RK k fees</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> earlier</font>because the<font color="#CCCCCC"> Rattus</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> will meet the</font>supremacist hull in just<font color="#E5E5E5">milisecond so I guess we're</font>transitioning okay<font color="#CCCCCC"> wait how can I be</font>here<font color="#E5E5E5"> if I was just transit the moment</font><font color="#CCCCCC">before impact if you could see it the</font>raddest would look kind of weird<font color="#E5E5E5"> because</font><font color="#CCCCCC">of how space itself</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> contracts according</font><font color="#E5E5E5">to the Lorenz factor the raddest would</font>not appear<font color="#E5E5E5"> it's</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> 3,000</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> meters long it</font>would look just 30 meters<font color="#CCCCCC"> long and using</font>the equation for relativistic kineticenergy this<font color="#CCCCCC"> sci-fi pancake</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> would</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> be</font>carrying<font color="#E5E5E5"> over a hundred thousand</font><font color="#E5E5E5">septillion joules of energy</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> it</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> is now</font>theoretically<font color="#CCCCCC"> more dangerous upon</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> impact</font>than if<font color="#E5E5E5"> the ship was composed entirely</font>of<font color="#E5E5E5"> antimatter</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and then they actually</font><font color="#E5E5E5">touch okay okay I'm going I'm</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> going help</font>here again I guess it doesn't<font color="#E5E5E5"> matter it</font>will take<font color="#E5E5E5"> just a few millionths of a</font>second for<font color="#E5E5E5"> the raddest to fully</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> embed</font>itself<font color="#E5E5E5"> into the supremacy and as it does</font>so<font color="#E5E5E5"> the radishes atoms are moving so</font>quickly<font color="#E5E5E5"> with so much energy that</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> it</font><font color="#E5E5E5">impacts the supremacy like the supremacy</font>was inside<font color="#CCCCCC"> of a particle accelerator the</font><font color="#E5E5E5">radishes atoms literally crack open the</font>supremacist<font color="#E5E5E5"> and release a shower of</font><font color="#E5E5E5">subatomic</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> particles</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and gamma radiation</font><font color="#CCCCCC">in a sphere expanding at the speed of</font>light and as it does<font color="#CCCCCC"> so</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> it's heating up</font>material as it goes in the ship tobillions of degree Kelvin<font color="#E5E5E5"> in a flash of</font>plasma so hot and so<font color="#E5E5E5"> furious that our</font>eyes<font color="#E5E5E5"> probably wouldn't even register it</font>the<font color="#E5E5E5"> energy carried</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> by the Radice</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> in the</font>last Jedi<font color="#E5E5E5"> if it was going the speed</font><font color="#CCCCCC">we're assuming it's going is enough to</font>vaporize<font color="#E5E5E5"> every livable surface on an</font><font color="#CCCCCC">earth-sized planet</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> down to its mantle in</font>real time<font color="#CCCCCC"> all that we would see is maybe</font>a flash of light and then nothing<font color="#CCCCCC"> in an</font>instant<font color="#E5E5E5"> just the void as two ships</font>reduced to just radiation and particlesdisappearedwhat's going on here<font color="#E5E5E5"> is so</font><font color="#CCCCCC">Island</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> that to actually see what happens</font><font color="#E5E5E5">you would need detectors like they have</font>in<font color="#E5E5E5"> the Large Hadron Collider</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> it would be</font>an invisible<font color="#E5E5E5"> catastrophe and so in one</font>scene the<font color="#CCCCCC"> last Jedi has potentially</font>changed<font color="#E5E5E5"> galactic warfare forever</font><font color="#E5E5E5">relativistic kinetic kill vehicles are</font>so powerful<font color="#CCCCCC"> and so unstoppable that</font>every single ship in the<font color="#E5E5E5"> Star Wars</font><font color="#CCCCCC">universe that has a hyperdrive</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> is now</font>potentially<font color="#CCCCCC"> a weapon of mass destruction</font><font color="#CCCCCC">the fact that the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> raddest did not</font><font color="#E5E5E5">completely obliterate the supremacy like</font>we calculated<font color="#E5E5E5"> is incredible it's either</font><font color="#CCCCCC">sci-fi</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> armor or plot armor because we</font>are<font color="#E5E5E5"> talking about Death Star laser</font>energy levels here according<font color="#E5E5E5"> to the</font>physics vice-admiral<font color="#E5E5E5"> whole dose final</font>move was a brilliant one<font color="#E5E5E5"> so the only</font>question<font color="#CCCCCC"> I have now</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> is why haven't we</font>seen<font color="#E5E5E5"> it before</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and will</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> we see</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> it again</font><font color="#E5E5E5">because science</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> okay okay I'm going</font>wiped[Music]<font color="#E5E5E5">okay spoilers again for one more thing</font><font color="#E5E5E5">what you saw in the trailers if Ray can</font><font color="#CCCCCC">slice through a rock</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> like butter then</font>yes<font color="#E5E5E5"> hitting a human person</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> with</font>something<font color="#CCCCCC"> that can</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> do that</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> two rocks</font><font color="#E5E5E5">would turn your body into a steam</font>explosion<font color="#E5E5E5"> that would</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> rupture</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> you into a</font>bloody mess<font color="#E5E5E5"> of course you could</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> just</font>turn the<font color="#CCCCCC"> power level down</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> but could you</font>do more<font color="#CCCCCC"> than</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> one thing at once</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> I think</font>not what are you a space wizard<font color="#CCCCCC"> thank</font>you so<font color="#E5E5E5"> much for watching a big</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> shout out</font><font color="#CCCCCC">to</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the sci-fi blogger</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> matter beam for</font>helping me a<font color="#CCCCCC"> lot with this episode</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and</font>getting the science right<font color="#CCCCCC"> thanks again</font>dude<font color="#CCCCCC"> if you</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> want more</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of me but not of</font>this check<font color="#E5E5E5"> out</font>let's Squatch or the space program onproject alpha<font color="#E5E5E5"> comm or if you sign up</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> you</font><font color="#CCCCCC">can get this show two days earlier than</font>everyone else<font color="#CCCCCC"> and follow me here bye</font>[Music]